VISIT WEBSITE >>>>> http://gg.gg/y83ws?417703 <<<<<<
The Egyptian and new Roman calendars each had Caesar set alternating months of 30 and 31 days with February at 29 days and adding an extra day every four years. The Julian calendar remained in place until it too had grown out of step with reality, replaced by the Gregorian calendar in the 16th century CE.
The small daily bulletin aimed to give to the citizens the news of the empire, especially the happenings around Rome. First published in 59 BCE, the Acta was circulated to the rich and powerful in the empire, and each issue was also posted in public places for citizens to read.
Written on papyri, few fragments of the Acta exist, but the Roman historian Tacitus used them as a source for his histories. It finally ceased publication two centuries later. Caesar's extortion law remained a fundamental guide for the conduct of Roman magistrates for at least the next five centuries.
Written in 59 BCE, the law restricted the number of gifts that a magistrate could receive during his term in a province and ensured that governors had their accounts balanced when they left. Julius Caesar is one of those people whose name we should all recognize.
Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Use precise geolocation data. Select personalised content. Create a personalised content profile. Measure ad performance. Select basic ads. Create a personalised ads profile. Daily Weekly. Article continued below. August 16, You may like also like. Leave a Reply Cancel reply. Popular Posts.
Latest Posts. Specials UpliftingNews. Fact List Random Facts. They surrendered and begged for mercy. In what would become his trademark, Caesar spared the Helvetii survivors and ordered them to return to their original homeland. He gave them grain to eat and seed to begin a crop, but he insisted on hostages to insure their obedience.
In the Gallic camp, Caesar found records indicating that more than , Helvetii men, women and children had begun the trek west. Less than a third survived to make their return. Caesar next pacified the Suebi, a Germanic tribe, killing most of the ,man force sent against him.
Then in 57 B. He only was able to turn the conflict when he commandeered a shield from a soldier and personally rallied his legions, forming a large defensive square to protect his wounded and calling for reinforcements.
Caesar followed this victory with a series of punitive raids against tribes along the Atlantic seaboard that had assembled an anti-Roman confederacy, and he fought a combined land-sea campaign against the Veneti.
In 55 B. He led a show of force into Germanic territory before returning across the Rhine and dismantling the bridge. That same year, Caesar launched an amphibious campaign that took his forces to Britain. However, the campaign nearly ended in disaster when bad weather wrecked much of his fleet and the sight of massed British chariots caused confusion among his men. He withdrew from Britain but returned in 54 B. Most of 53 B. However, a larger and more serious uprising erupted in 52 B.
The fighting began when another Gallic tribe, the Carnutes, slaughtered a group of Romans who had settled in what they considered their territory.
Vercingetorix, a young nobleman, raised an army, made alliances with several other tribes and seized control of what was developing as an all-out revolt against Roman authority. He also fomented an outbreak of tribes along the Mediterranean, forcing Caesar to turn his attention to the south.
The Romans pursued Vercingetorix and captured Avaricum modern Bourges, in central France , the capital city of the allied Bituriges, killing the entire population. But at Gergovia, Vercingetorix defeated Caesar, inflicting heavy losses including 46 veteran centurions commanders of an man unit in a Roman legion.
Yet Vercingetorix also suffered serious losses and after losing another minor engagement to Caesar was forced to seek refuge in the hilltop city of Alesia near modern-day Dijon, France. The Aedui, a tribe Caesar had saved from Germanic deprecation, had turned against him, joining the revolt and capturing his supplies and Roman base at Soissons. In September 52 B. Knowing the city was immune to direct attack and again relying on his engineers, Caesar began construction of an encircling set of fortifications circumvallation around Alesia.
Approximately 10 miles of foot-high palisades were built in about three weeks. On the Alesia side of this rampart, two foot-wide ditches were dug, with the one nearest the fortification filled with water from surrounding rivers. Sharpened stakes were jammed into the ground near the wall, and guard towers were erected every 80 feet.
Caesar then ordered the construction of a second line of fortifications facing outward contravallation , enclosing his army between it and the inner set of fortifications. The second wall, designed to protect the Roman besiegers from attacks from outside the city, was the same as the first in design but included four cavalry camps. Enough of the Gallic horsemen escaped, however, to ride for help.
Caesar personally rode along the perimeter inspiring his legionaries as the two-sided battle raged. He then took 13 cavalry cohorts about 6, men to attack the relief army, forcing it to retreat.
Comments