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Insecticides and pesticides often cause a caterpillar to spit or vomit bright green. If you are in an emergency situation with poisoned caterpillars, click on this sentence NOW. It is easy to tell the difference. Hemolymph dries to a dark color, nearly black, in less than five minutes. Other than poisons, the other primary cause of green spit is a defensive reaction to being disturbed.
Some species automatically spit green fluid at the slightest touch. Others must be pestered quite a bit before they resort to spitting green fluid. Read more about this defense reaction at the bottom of this page. The most common source of caterpillar poisoning is plants.
Most customers do not care whether the plant is safe for caterpillars to eat. They want a beautiful full plant. Some plant pests, such as thrips, are difficult to kill. Any insecticide that will kill thrips will affect and normally will kill caterpillars. The retail nursery may have no idea that the wholesale nursery has treated the plant and when asked, will honestly say that they have not treated the plants.
On the other hand, some do understand and will be dishonest with you. In the gut of a caterpillar, Appel suspected, oxidized plant chemicals could "do all sorts of nasty things, like punching holes in membranes, inhibiting enzymes, messing up DNA, or binding to other compounds important to nutrition or disease resistance.
It seemed an obvious survival tactic for a caterpillar to block oxidation in its own gut. But if color was any cue, the tobacco hornworm did and the gypsy moth did not. Said Appel, "I thought that was an awfully stupid thing for a gypsy moth to do. Schultz had shown that red-oak tannins depressed the gypsy moth's growth and reproduction; he expected, then, that as tannin levels climbed high, worm numbers would correspondingly decline.
But in the woods he saw the opposite occur: more tannins, more worms. It's a hot, hot topic of research in medicine right now. There's a naturally occurring virus that lives on leaves, called LdNPV. The theory is that this virus could regulate the gypsy moth population and that it could be an ecologically sound microbial pesticide.
It's like the tree's giving the gypsy moth an antibiotic. The tree's shooting itself in the foot. She shrugged. I spent a lot of time reading and researching. The first thing she learned was that gypsy moth caterpillar guts are not, indeed, like tobacco hornworm caterpillar guts that is, Jack was right : Gypsy moth guts are an oxidizing environment, not a reducing one.
The tannins, chewed and swallowed with the rest of the leaf, lost electrons and became unstable. Investigating further, she discovered that the oxidation of phenolics, the class of plant chemicals to which the tannins belong, was quite common indeed: "When a cut apple turns brown?
That's a phenolic oxidation product. The gunk in the bottom of a bottle of old wine? Phenolic oxidation. It's even why soil is brown. No one's done this? Why not? I found out why: When they try to do the chemical reactions in the lab, they end up with sticky brown goo in the bottom of the test tube. It's so sticky it sticks to everything.
Its structure is so complex and dense even most chemists say, No way I'm gonna work on this! And I'm going to characterize it? She shrugged, smiled, prolonged the suspense. He was at Penn State! We were jumping up and down, writing things on the board. It was like—It was like—" She smiled, daring me to guess. But he was interested enough in the biology. He was amused, I think, by the thought of placing his chemistry into a biological context.
He'd been studying tannins in pristine clean conditions where oxidation was not occurring. He's a much more reserved and formal person—but he doesn't seem to mind my lack thereof. I'm really just the technical support. In his office, in oxford shirt and khakis, his feet up on the desk and his hands linked behind his head, he was indeed the very image of a reserved, formal, professorial chemist—except that he spoke extremely fast.
They contain pieces that chemists hadn't put together before. The formation of particular bonds had not been explained before.
There was no baseline of how to do it. There are over known structures of tannins. We've been able to work out the details on how to synthesize a few of them.
They're not cytotoxic—not cell-killing —not poisonous. They turn out to be immuno-stimulants. That liquid, is hemolymph, or insect blood.
The blood of an insect functions differently than the blood of a human. In humans, blood gets its red color from hemoglobin, which travels through blood vessels carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
Insect blood, however, does not carry gasses and has no hemoglobin. Instead, bugs have a system of tubes that transport gasses directly between their cells and the outside air. In fact, insects don't even have blood vessels. Instead there is a hollow space inside their external skeleton in which their blood oozes around. This cavity extends to the antennas, legs, and wing veins.
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