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Long, long ago, when Earth was young, it is thought that something big hit Earth and knocked it off-kilter. So instead of rotating with its axis straight up and down, it leans over a bit. By the way, that big thing that hit Earth is called Theia. It also blasted a big hole in the surface. That big hit sent a huge amount of dust and rubble into orbit.
Most scientists think that that rubble, in time, became our Moon. As Earth orbits the Sun, its tilted axis always points in the same direction. It is summer in June in the Northern Hemisphere because the Sun's rays hit that part of Earth more directly than at any other time of the year.
It is winter in December in the Northern Hemisphere, because that is when it is the South Pole's turn to be tilted toward the Sun. A complete wobble of Earth's axis takes around 26, years. It outlines the shape of a pair of cones or two spinning tops connected at the tips, which would be at the center of Earth. Greek astronomer Hipparchus of Nicea is historically credited as the man who first proposed that Earths axis gradually shifts, though very slowly. Hipparchus made his discovery around BCE , based on comparisons of astronomical observations more than a century apart.
Because Earth orbits the Sun at an angle, the solar energy reaching different parts of our planet is not constant, but varies during the course of a year. This is the reason we have different seasons and why the seasons are opposite in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. During this time, there are more than 12 hours of daylight north of the Equator. What are equinoxes and solstices? Our point of view of Earth may vary.
From the September equinox to the next March equinox, the days are longer south of the equator and shorter north of the equator. We know that the birth of the Sun created a new source of gravity in the young Solar System.
The tidal forces between the young sun and the rest of the nebula the Sun was born from created further instability in the gases and dust left in the nebula.
This allowed for the steady formation of the planets. After millions of years passed enough matter collided to gain mass and its own gravity and become small versions of planets called planetessimals and protoplanets.
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