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Polygynous marriages are usually a privilege reserved only for high status or wealthy men. It is worth noting that hunter-gathers around the world practice only monogamy or serial-monogamy which suggests that our ancestors may have used this mating system. At first sight, however, it would seem sensible for males to reproduce with as many females as possible. Human monogamy has long puzzled anthropologists, and lots of effort has gone in to working out what keeps males hanging around.
Three main theories have been put forward. First is the need for long-term parental care and teaching, as our children take a long time to mature.
Second, males need to guard their female from other males. Third, our children are vulnerable for a long time and infanticide could be a risk from other males. So to ensure that children are able to reach maturity the male is likely to stay to protect them, both socially and physically. This may be why males have maintained their larger relative size. If we view the evolution of monogamy mating systems in humans through the lens of human society it is clear that it takes a huge amount of social effort to maintain and protect more than one mate at a time.
It is only when males have access to additional resources and power that they can protect multiple females, usually by ensuring other males protect them. This monogamy is reinforced by the high social cost and stress of attempting to do this for multiple partners, and it has become supported by cultural norms. So when living in complex human societies the largest and most important sexual organ is the brain.
Portsmouth Climate Festival — Portsmouth, Portsmouth. Importantly, they found that larger testes tended to correlate with less pronounced sexual ornaments. Paradoxically, the team found the opposite pattern when they examined the relationship between gonad size and weapons: Testes tended to be larger in species where males have longer canines relative to females, such as in long-tailed macaques.
Why ornaments trade off against testes size is unclear. The team suggests that canines and testes may not compete for the same developmental resources, whereas ornaments and testes would. Engelhardt expressed surprise about the positive relationship between canines and testes size. When they examined the relationship between canine length and the expression of ornaments alone, they found them to be positively correlated. Again, we can consider the chimpanzee, whose testes weigh more than a third as much as its brain.
They exist within a relatively promiscuous multi-male to multi-female mating system, so their best chance at reproductive success is having more sperm. Hence, the large testicles. Social structure also explains why more monogamous primates are less ornamented and have smaller testes than non-monogamous primates.
In turn, gorilla testicles are relatively small and lack, say, the colorful trimmings that mandrill baboons display.
Whether or not one needs to be well-adorned or well-endowed depends on how likely it is that a female will choose them above the rest. Sarah Sloat.
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