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The runes are a group of alphabets used in Antiquity by the Germanic peoples of northern Europe, which survived until the Inquisition sought their eradication as a sign of magic and witchcraft, in the 13th century. However, why were these alphabets created? What was their function and why were they considered magical? The Celtic and Nordic runes were not created for literary purposes or to express complex ideas, but to honour the warriors and celebrate the gods. For this reason, during their ten centuries of existence, the runic alphabets developed into magic runes that served as an oracle of the Norse gods: they were used to communicate with the gods.
Originally, it is believed that they had a funeral function: these angular symbols created to be engraved on hard materials were inscribed on the tombs to remember the most important deeds of the deceased. However, in Norse mythology, runes became sacred elements, since they were considered a gift from Odin to humankind.
Due to their divine origin, despite their prohibition, their graphemes survived within the esoteric and occult circles, and have been used until today for ritual purposes and as a tool for reading the future. The Norse runes are considered one of the oldest alphabets, as it is believed that they were used in prehistoric times and were defined and spread during the Bronze Age, although their date cannot be accurately established.
As it was considered a divine gift from the gods, this alphabet was consulted by kings, princes and warriors alike in order to find out the future of their kingdom or the outcome of a battle. The superstition regarding these Norse symbols was so strong that they were engraved on swords, rings and banners to ask for protection and power, and on stones and amulets to be used as lucky charms and to perform rituals and spells.
According to the Norse legend, after nine fasting days, the god Odin discovered the runes and gave them meaning. This myth about their origin is shared with the Celtic runes, which inherited from the Norse runes their knowledge and use.
However, the Celtic peoples acquired a personality of their own, and they also developed their particular magic runes. Both Saxon and Nordic runes are one of the oldest divination methods because, in ancient times, these peoples believed that they were sacred symbols offered by the gods to mankind so that they predict the future, invoke good luck and ask for protection. Although their use was banned during the Middle Ages, they survived thanks to the occult and esoteric circles that secretly used them as an oracle and for rituals.
The Celtic and Norse runes are still used as a method of divination. But, how are these strange angular symbols read?
Then, you take out the stones one by one until they form a message, for which you have to know how to decipher the code. You can also choose the three-rune method, in which three runes are taken out and read from right to left: the first indicates the present moment, the second, the obstacles, and the third, the path you must follow.
In the vertical cast, five runes are taken out and placed in a vertical line from top to bottom, which symbolise in that order: the current situation, the challenge, the recommended path, the sacrifice and the new situation that will come up.
As we have seen, the Elder Futhark alphabet consists of 24 letters, and each one of them reveals a very special meaning. It indicates the arrival of wealth by means of material possessions and the beginning of a period of good fortune. Our word alphabet comes from the Greek letters alpha and beta. Similarly, modern experts have termed runic alphabets futharks or futhorks , based on the first six letters of Elder Futhark which roughly correspond to our F, U, Th, A, R, and K.
Elder Futhark earns its designation because it is the oldest-discovered complete runic system, appearing in order on the Kylver Stone from Gotland, Sweden, dated from the dawn of the Migration Era around the year Roughly 50 runestones have been found.
Runestones were often raised next to grave sites within the Viking era of AD. Some of the raised runestones first appear in the fourth and fifth century in Norway and Sweden. And in Denmark as early as the eighth and ninth century. However, most of them were found in Sweden. Elder Futhark has 24 runes, and over the next few centuries became widely used amongst the many Germanic tribes that vied for survival throughout Europe.
The Younger Futhark has only 16 runes, not because the language was becoming simpler but because it was becoming more complicated. Phonetically, the runes of the Younger Futhark were working double-duty to cover the changes that were differentiating the Norse tongues from that of other Germanic peoples. Younger Futhark can be further divided into styles, including the 'long branch' Danish and the 'short twig' Swedish and Norwegian runes:. The explosion of trade and interaction brought about by the Viking Age created an increased need for writing and literacy, thus archaeologists have cataloged thousands of inscriptions in Younger Futhark while we only have hundreds in Elder Futhark.
Of course, the Vikings also left runic graffiti from Orkney to Constantinople and beyond as they pushed the boundaries of their world ever-further. Dictionary of Northern Mythology.
Translated by Angela Hall. An 11th century runestone from Lingsberg, Sweden, featuring an inscription in the Younger Futhark photo by Berig This page is the first part of a five-part article on the runes.
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