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Because of these long delays, and because the U. An unofficial code is a commercially published version of an official code, which is used for legal research. Unofficial codes include references called annotations to primary and secondary sources that relate to each code section and are updated much more frequently than the U. There are two unofficial code print versions of the U. Both sets include the entire U. All of the content is annotated with references to case law and secondary sources such as law reviews, treatises, and ALR annotations that interpret the statutory language; plus there are cross-references to related regulations.
Both versions also include a multivolume index at the end of the sets, along with a Popular Name Table that facilitates searching for a code section when you know the name of the statute e. Both versions also include volumes that contain tables showing parallel references for Public Laws, session laws, and code sections.
You can also use an online citator to determine if a statute is still valid and to find cases and other materials that analyze or interpret the statutory language. Use KeyCite in Westlaw for the U. A and Shepard's in Lexis for the U. Each of the major online subscription services has its own annotated code, and each allows researchers to perform full-text keyword searches. However, when searching in online annotated codes , it's important to remember that statutes are not individual documents; rather, they are part of a larger scheme.
Therefore, it's a good idea to take advantage of the Table of Contents feature in any online code. The Table of Contents will allow you to browse for related sections especially definition sections as well as view a single statutory section in the context of related sections. As for the annotations to related, non-statutory material, each service differs slightly.
Follow the link below to the podcast. Rule B Per this rule, a full citation of a federal statute includes: 1 the official name of the act; and 2 the published source in which the act can be found. It may also include a parenthetical indicating either i the year the source was published used for codes ; or ii the year the statute was passed used for session laws.
The Bluebook provides the following examples see p. In this example, the legislation at hand appears in title 42 of the United States Code in sections through Department of Transportation Act, Pub. In this example, the legislation is listed as a session law: it appeared in section 9 of Public Law Number the th law passed during the 89th Congress.
The text of the Public Law appears in volume 80 of the Statutes at Large, starting on p. The referenced legislation appears on pages through The year the statute passed was For guidance on citations of individual statutory sections, see rule B Whenever possible, cite the current official code for statutes currently in force although note that it's best to use an unofficial annotated code for research.
A citation of an official or unofficial code includes the following components: 1 the title number; 2 the abbreviated name of the code; 3 the section number s in which the act is codified; and 4 the year of the cited code edition not the year the act was passed. The year of the cited code edition, however, may be omitted when citing the official or unofficial U.
The Bluebook provides the following examples in rule B Rule 12 Whitepages of The Bluebook covers how to cite to statutes and codes in academic works. Legislative history includes any of various materials generated in the course of creating legislation, such as reports, hearings and legislative debates. In addition to the state codes, there are a variety of unofficial uniform laws. These laws are developed by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws NCUSL , a non-governmental body formed in upon the recommendation of the American Bar Association for the purpose of promoting "uniformity in state laws on all subjects where uniformity is deemed desirable and practicable.
The Commissioners have approved more than two hundred uniform laws, of which more than have been adopted by at least one state. A few have been widely adopted. A notable example is the Uniform Commercial Code. Ask Us! Submit a question or search our knowledge base.
Chat with us! Chat with a librarian. Email: research law. Meet with Us Schedule an online consult with a Librarian. Hours Library Hours. Harvard University Digital Accessibility Policy.
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Toggle navigation MENU. Statutes: US and State Codes. Guide Overview This guide is designed to help you understand and find statutes codes or acts. Creating Statutes. Statutory Documents Statutes are often referred to as codes or acts, and even just "law. Session Laws Session laws are all the slip laws enacted in a legislative session arranged chronologically by enactment date.
Codes Codes provide the most complete picture of the law at a particular time, and are used to find the current legislation in a particular jurisdiction. Sample Citation [Bluebook R. Federal Session Laws Statutes at Large.
Includes Statutes at Large. Proquest Congressional is a major source of information about the members of Congress and their legislative activities and a primary resource for accessing the many publications of Congress.
There are links to full-text documents, and this resource also provides an index for the Harvard's microfiche collections of older materials and the US Serial Set. Law Library of Congress Guide. HeinOnline Session Laws more HeinOnline Session Laws contains the session laws of all 50 U. States as well as the Acts of the Parliament of Canada from approximately to the near present.
Future releases will include new session laws as published as well as expanded coverage of historical session laws. HeinOnline expects coverage to eventually include all published session laws for all 50 states as far back as the Colonial period.
Federal Statutes. United States Code Annotated U. Lexis The U. Sample Citation [Bluebook 12 and T1] 7 U. State Statutes. State Codes Most states publish their statutes in a manner similar to the federal government.
See the video below for more details on how to submit a successful request. Finding Codes. Finding Codes by Citation Code Citations Statutes are most easily located by citation, whether to public law number, session law number or the United States Code.
For state code citation methods, consult Table 1 of the Bluebook. Finding Codes without a Citation Getting Started without a Citation Ask yourself the following: Jurisdiction federal or state Keywords search terms that you will use to describe the legal question Time period current law or law in force at some time in the past Google-Wikipedia Statutes are often referred to by common names such as the Patriot Act or Family Medical Leave Act. Popular Name Tables Government and commercial publishers of the U.
Secondary Sources Use secondary sources treatises, practice guides, law review articles, etc. Subject Indexes Use the subject index for the code in your jurisdiction.
Keyword Search Most statutes are easily findable online; on the the left of this page are links to federal and state resources for statutes. Updating Codes. Updating Codes Online The U. Updating Codes Updating Online Most online versions of various codes are updated within 48 hours of legislative changes.
Updating in Print Check the pocket part in the back of the volume or the cumulative supplement. Validating Codes To establish the current validity of an existing statute, find and read case law in your jurisdiction that cites your statute.
Analyzing Codes. Does it indeed cover the legal issue you are researching? Definitions : Those definitions of words or phrases used in a law may vary from commonly accepted definitions. Usually slip laws are published on a "slip" of paper or in a pamphlet. At the federal level, these slip laws are assigned a public law number.
While at the state level, the slip laws are given a chapter number. At the end of a legislative session, slip laws are collected and published in order of enactment. These publications are called session laws. Session laws are useful for finding the language of a statute as it was passed in a certain year.
The session laws of Congress are referred to as the Statutes at Large. Eventually, session laws are incorporated into a code, which is arranged by subject matter.
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