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Somatic stem cells are the adult stem cells that occur inside the specialized tissues including bone marrow, skin, skeletal muscles, brain, liver, pancreas, dental pulp, etc.
Furthermore, these cells are multipotent and can only differentiate into the several types of functionally-related cells that belong to the tissue of origin of the stem cells. Therefore, they continuously divide to produce new cells. A part of these new cells differentiates into the functionally-specialized cells in that tissue and the rest of the cells renew the existing stem cell population.
For example, dividing hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow differentiate into the cells in the blood including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
In addition, the stem cells in the bone marrow are the most studied type of somatic stem cells in the human body. However, somatic stem cells are difficult to identify, purify, and grow in cultures. Therefore, these stem cells are rarely subjected to the studies. Embryonic stem cells refer to the stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo while somatic stem cells refer to the undifferentiated cells found throughout the body that divide to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues.
This is the basic difference between embryonic and somatic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells occur in the three germ layers of the embryo while somatic stem cells occur in most of the body organs including skeletal muscles, bone marrow, skin, liver, etc. Potency is the main difference between embryonic and somatic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are multipotent. That is; they can differentiate into any cell type in the body.
Embryonic stem cells have two distinctive properties:. Pluripotency is the main feature that distinguishes embryonic stem cells from adult stem cells. Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells spread throughout the body. They multiply and replace dead cells, repairing damaged body tissue. Adult stem cells are produced in small amounts. They are often in the process of differentiation, which greatly narrows the possibilities of their use.
Unlike pluripotent embryonic stem cells, adult cells are multipotent. This means that adult stem cells can only generate a limited number of cell types. The potential of propagating indefinitely makes embryonic stem cells useful for continuous research and clinical use. Thus, using adult stem cells we can predict the outcome of treatment. This is a deliberate approach, whose associated risks are incomparably lower than those of products based on embryonic stem cells.
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