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Home About Scotland History. History The history of Scotland is fascinating and complex; there are Roman soldiers, Vikings, noble clansmen and powerful monarchs, but more recently there are world-changing discoveries and innovations, groundbreaking technologies and an incredibly progressive society. Our Timeline Explore Scotland's lifetime of people, events, discoveries and turning points that not only changed the course of Scotland's history, but had an impact across the world.
Created with Sketch. Combined Shape Created with Sketch. Page 1 Created with Sketch. Group Created with Sketch. Macbeth ruled as King of Alba from to his death in battle in Becoming a feudal society In the 12th century the Kingdom of Alba continued to grow and became a feudal society. During the reigns of Alexander II and then Alexander III, more land was turned over to agriculture, trade with the continent bolstered the economy and monasteries and abbeys grew and flourished around the country.
Unrest continued into the 14th century when Robert the Bruce took the throne and was crowned king. Fighting continued until at the Battle of Bannockburn, where Robert the Bruce and his army defeated Edward II, a major turning point in his rule.
For more information visit the National Records of Scotland. The cultural, intellectual and artistic movement that took hold around Europe brought significant changes to Scotland; education, intellectual life, literature, art, architecture, music and politics all advanced in the late 15th century. Mary, newly born at Linlithgow Palace, was just six days old when her father, James V, died and she was crowned Queen of Scots.
In England, worried about the possibility of a Catholic plot against her, Elizabeth I imprisoned Mary and later, after almost 19 years of captivity, had her executed at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire in at the age of James VI succeeded the throne at just 13 months old after Mary was forced to abdicate.
The Battle of Culloden in was the final Jacobite rising and the last battle fought on British soil. The Jacobites were no match for the Hanoverian army — the battle lasted just an hour and the army was brutally crushed.
Shortly after the defeat of the Jacobites at Culloden, a period known as the Highland Clearances began. A number of laws were introduced in an attempt to assimilate the Highlanders; wearing traditional tartan attire was banned and clan chiefs had their rights to jurisdiction removed.
The ideas from philosophers living in Scotland during The Age of Enlightenment shaped the modern world. The intellectual movement sought to understand the natural world and the human mind and ranged across philosophy, chemistry, geology, engineering, technology, poetry, medicine, economics and history. Industrial advances and wealth accumulated from the trade of tobacco, sugar and cotton bring about the dawn of urban Scotland at the turn of the 19th century.
The country shifted from rural to urban, and huge towns, massive factories and heavy industry took hold. The drilling of the first North Sea oil well was considered a major industrial achievement of the time, creating a huge supporting industry in Scotland and giving the UK access to oil made at home for the first time.
Films like Braveheart and Trainspotting helped to establish Scotland as a cultural powerhouse; authors, artists and musicians from Scotland were enjoying renewed success. Rowling wrote the global phenomenon Harry Potter in Edinburgh, and in scientists from the Roslin Institute successfully cloned the first mammal from an adult cell, Dolly the Sheep. The calls for more devolved powers had been growing for decades and resulted in a referendum in
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