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Withdrawal is more effective when combined with other methods of contraception , such as male or female condoms or spermicide.
When using this method, it is also essential to make sure that ejaculation occurs away from the vaginal opening. It is still possible for pregnancy to happen if the sperm spills onto the vagina or vulva. In the hot tub, sperm cells do not live for very long at all. The sperm cannot survive for longer than a few seconds after being exposed to the chemicals and hot water.
Pregnancy from someone ejaculating into a hot tub would be very rare and likely not even possible. In a warm bath that was not too hot, sperm cells could likely survive for a few minutes. However, it is very unlikely that sperm would be able to find their way through the tub water and into the vagina of a female. However, if a couple were having intercourse in the water, pregnancy would be just as likely because the sperm would enter directly into the female reproductive tract.
The outside temperature and physical environment would not have any impact on sperm survival. Scientists believe that sperm cells can survive indefinitely once they are frozen, as long as the temperature remains stable. Men freeze sperm for a variety of reasons. Many do so because they are undergoing infertility treatment, or have cancer or another medical condition that would potentially impact their fertility. Freezing sperm would allow a man to have children even if he lost his fertility due to cancer or cancer treatment.
Typically, millions of sperm cells are produced in the testicles every day. During this time, the cells that make up the sperm divide and change. The sperm cells make their way into the epididymis where they finish developing, which can take several weeks. The sperm eventually develops a head and tail, so that it cells start to resemble a tadpole. The head contains all of the DNA or genetic material, and the sperm uses the tail to help it move. Many factors that can affect the sperm formation process.
Some of the factors that can cause a decreased sperm count or poor sperm function include:. If a couple want to conceive and a man suspects that he has one or more of these risk factors, he may want to consider having a sperm count performed. A doctor may also recommend this procedure if pregnancy does not result after about 6 months. If a man has any of these risk factors, he should try to change them at least months before trying to conceive, since that is how long it takes for sperm to fully mature.
Reducing the above risk factors whenever possible helps to keep sperm cells healthy, especially before conception. It is important to note that the levels of estrogen and progesterone can affect the movement of the sperm and eggs in the oviduct. Excessive estrogen at this time has been reported to cause egg retention in the oviduct, while excessive progesterone has the effect of opening the oviduct and speeding entry of the sperm and exit of the eggs.
Eggs that are not fertilized usually pass into the uterus within several days. Sperm that are in the oviduct and uterus which do not fertilize eggs are destroyed by cells of the immune system over the next few days. The uterus is the largest single portion of the female reproductive tract and is capable of considerable change in size from the non-pregnant to the pregnant state.
The uterus is composed of paired uterine horns with the cervix at one end and the oviducts at the other. The uterus has four layers, an inner most layer which is glandular, two additional inner layers which are muscular, and the fourth layer, which forms the outer surface.
The large muscle layers are important for propelling sperm to the oviduct, moving and spacing embryos before attachment, and for delivery of piglets at farrowing. These layers are responsive to many of the reproductive hormones and how and when contractions will occur depend upon which hormones are present.
The other important layer is the inner most glandular layer which produces and secretes hormones and nutrients for the developing embryos. After fertilization, the early embryos enter the uterus on day 4 and remain free-floating and mix with each other until approximately d However, not all embryos are equal and some are defective and others are slower developing. Obviously, this is one of the primary factors limiting litter size in swine. Of the embryos that do survive past day 10 of pregnancy, they must signal the mother that they are present by secreting the hormone estrogen, which in turn will prevent the mother from releasing prostaglandin from the uterus, a hormone which will destroy the corpus luteum and cease progesterone production, resulting in termination of pregnancy.
If there are no embryos present or too few embryos produce a signal, then prostaglandin is released and this has the effect of reducing blood supply to the corpus luteum. Once progesterone is suppressed, uterine contractions may begin and a new wave of follicles begins to develop, so that the female can begin to cycle again. If the embryos are successful at signaling the mother, progesterone will remain high and uterine contractions will be inhibited until birth.
If females do not conceive, they should return to estrus at a regular interval 21 days. However, if their eggs are fertilized but pregnancy cannot be established, then the female will often return to estrus at irregular intervals after mating.
If pregnancy is established, the embryos will begin attachment to the lining of the uterus between d They will loosely attach throughout the uterine surface and will continue to strengthen their attachment to allow more efficient transfer of nutrients. The uterus will accommodate many more embryos and fetuses than can actually be supported to term, until d However, after this day, the fetuses that cannot be supported, due to a limit in uterine size, will be lost before day 50 of pregnancy.
The cervix is approximately one inch in diameter and about inches in length, and connects the vagina and the uterus. It is made of tough connective tissue and contains limited amounts of glandular and muscular tissue. It contains a series of five interdigitating pads Figure 1 which provide pressure points for locking of the penis or AI catheters.
Its primary functions are to serve as a locking mechanism for the penis. The cervix is also a flexible structure and can open and close under the influence of hormones. The cervix is important for protecting the fetuses and will remain tightly closed except at estrus and at farrowing, when it will dilate to accommodate the boar's penis and to allow passage of the piglets through the birth canal.
The cervix is also the primary source of mucus. Under estrogen stimulation, such as that which occurs at estrus, the mucus becomes watery and can sometimes be seen seeping from the vulva.
This mucus serves as a lubricant for the penis of the boar. Under progesterone stimulation during pregnancy, the cervical mucus will thicken and form a plug to prevent any contaminants from entering the sterile uterine environment. This cervical plug will dissolve just prior to farrowing. The fermentation of glucose derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of glycogen and fermentation of the resultant glucose by Lactobacillus results in a lowering of the vaginal pH.
This inturn is believed to protect women from colonization by many other potentially pathogenic bacteria. This protection diminishes after menopause when glycogen secretion and the microbial flora return to prepubescent levels. The reproductive tract is also unusual in that the distal portions vagina, cervix are heavily colonized with a variety of microorganisms while the proximal portions uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries , under normal conditions, remain sterile. This suggests the presence of a microbial barrier system that effectively prevents microbes from invading more protected areas.
The dividing line lies at the uterus at a point where endogenous defense mechanisms both innate and acquired are sufficient to prevent invasion of these privileged areas. This partition between colonized and sterile regions of the body is a biological necessity. Microbial invasion of the fallopian tubes is often accompanied by scaring that can cause reproductive sterility, and colonization of the normally sterile uterus can result in death of the egg, a failure of the fertilized egg to implant in the uterine lining or infectious abortion of the developing embryo.
The urinary bladder in a healthy female is generally sterile. The resident flora is confined to the distal one third of the urethra connecting the bladder with the vagina.
Being in direct contact with the vagina it is not surprising that the resident flora of the urethra closely resembles that organ. Some of these organisms are lactobacilli, coagulase negative staphylococci, coryneform bacteria, viridans group streptococci certain anaerobes like Bacteroides spp. Gram positive anaerobic cocci, and various representatives of the cell wall deficient Mollicutes.
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