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Learn more about inverters here — click here. Lets start at the basics. You probably know that there are two different types of electrical power is use which are Direct current DC , which is supplied by batteries and solar panels etc. This type of power is mainly used by small digital goods with circuit boards etc. The other type of power is Alternating Current AC this is supplied from the power sockets in your homes and this is typically used to power larger appliances.
Both types of power have their uses and limitations so we often need to convert between the two to maximise their use. If you used an oscilloscope to look at the signal of these two types of power you will see that Direct Current sits at its maximum voltage and continues in a straight line.
This is because the current travels back and forth. So an inverter simply converters from DC to AC and this is a very useful invention. You can also convert from AC to DC using a rectifier and its common to find both of these in some devices.
If you want to learn more about electricity, then watch our previous video on How Electricity Works. A common and fairly simple application of inverters is within photovoltaic arrays, as these generate DC power, but, the appliances in your home will use AC power so this needs to be converted for it to be of use.
You can also buy portable inverters for your car which allow you to use the cars battery to power small household appliances. A slightly more complex way they are used is when integrated into Variable Frequency Drives VFD otherwise known as Variable Speed Drives VSD to control the speed, torque and direction of AC motors to achieve very precise control which also saves energy.
They are used in all industries and extensively within HVAC systems for industrial and commercial properties. In this application the inverter is coupled with a rectifier and the AC power that comes in is converted to DC, then back to AC, but the controllers will change the frequency of the sine wave pattern. By manipulating this the motors behaviour can be precisely controlled, and thus when connected to a fan, pump or compressor then this can also be precisely controlled.
This is partly how the Danfoss Optyma plus inverter condensing unit works, it has a very clever control loop which is measuring the cooling load and then changes the speed of the motor, which changes the speed of the scroll compressor and that increases or decreases the cooling capacity to match the load and achieve precise temperature control as well as energy savings.
Lets consider a simplified circuit where a DC source is being used to power an AC load. To convert the DC to AC there are 4 switches. This will force the current through the load in an alternating direction, therefore the load will experience an alternating current even though its from a DC source.
The lamp will not see this as a sine wave however as the sudden switching will only result in a square wave. The sharp corners of the square wave can be damaging to electrical equipment so these need to be smoothed out. The switching is also far too fast for a human to do, if you consider the electricity you receive in the power sockets of your home, this will be supplied at 50 or 60Hz depending on where in the world you are.
This means the current needs to reverse direction 50 or 60 times per second. Lets consider a 3 phase power example for a motor. This controller will send a signal to each IGBT telling it when to open and close.
This is known as pulse width modulation. The result of this is that the average power over each segment will result in a sine wave pattern. The more segments the cycle is broken into, the smoother the sine wave will be and the closer it will mimic a real AC sine wave.
By: Ed Grabianowski Updated: Apr 29, You might listen to your MP3 player, check for directions on your global positioning system GPS or play a portable video game. These types of electronic devices can be recharged or powered by plugging them into the cigarette lighter or power port in your vehicle. But what if you want to use something a little more elaborate while you're on the open road? Maybe you want to make toast, watch an LCD TV, or perhaps even write an article on your laptop computer.
These devices plug into regular wall outlets, not cigarette lighters. Making sure your electronic gear gets the juice it needs while on the road isn't a simple matter of finding the right adapter. You need a power inverter. What kind of power inverter is the right one for the job? How do you install one? And how exactly does an inverter change the current from one form to another?
In this article, we'll explore all the positives and negatives of DC to AC power inverters. Most cars and motor homes derive their power from a volt battery. In some cases, a heavy-duty volt battery might be used. It's important to know your vehicle's voltage because the voltage rating of the inverter you select should match the voltage of the battery. In either case, the battery provides direct current. This means that the current flows continuously from the negative terminal of the battery, through the completed circuit and back to the positive terminal of the battery.
The flow is in one direction only, hence the name direct current. The ability to provide direct current power is inherent to the nature of batteries. Direct current is very useful, but batteries can generally only provide relatively low-voltage DC power. Many devices need more power to function properly than DC can provide.
They're designed to run on the volt AC power supplied to homes in the U. Alternating current or AC, constantly changes polarity, sending current one way through the circuit, then reversing and sending it the other way. It does this very quickly -- 60 times per second in most U.
AC power works well at high voltages, and can be "stepped up" in voltage by a transformer more easily than direct current can. An inverter increases the DC voltage, and then changes it to alternating current before sending it out to power a device. These devices were initially designed to do the opposite -- to convert alternating current into direct current. Since these converters could basically be run in reverse to accomplish the opposite effect, they were called inverters.
Ironically, if you use an AC inverter to power a computer or television, the power supply in the device is converting the volt alternating current into a much lower voltage direct current. The sensitive electronic circuits in these devices need low, regulated voltages to work, so you're actually converting DC to AC so it can be changed back into DC again.
You can't use straight direct current without the AC to DC inverter because the device's power supply needs the AC power in order to properly step down and regulate the voltage. The earliest AC power inverters were electro-mechanical devices. Direct current would flow down one end of a circuit with an electromagnet. As soon as the current hit the magnet, the magnet would activate. This would pull a wire attached to a spring arm, forcing the wire to contact the circuit.
This would change the flow of the current to the other side of the circuit, cutting power from the electromagnet. As soon as the magnet released, the spring would snap the wire back, allowing the current to flow on the other side of the circuit, once again activating the magnet. These old inverters were known for making a buzzing sound. Modern inverters use oscillator circuits to accomplish the same process.
They're made with transistors or semiconductors, so there's no longer the need for a spring arm flipping back and forth to alternate the current.
It's not quite as simple as that, however. Alternating current forms a sine wave. The output of an inverter is a very square wave, not like the smooth, round wave of a perfect sine. Some devices are inherently sensitive to the signal produced by an AC wave. Typically, these are devices that receive or broadcast some kind of signal, such as audio or video equipment, navigation devices or sensitive scientific equipment. You can see or hear the square waveform on a television as lines on the screen or a steady buzz or hum.
Cleaning up the sine wave requires a series of filters, inductors and capacitors. If you run Direct Current DC directly to the house, most gadgets plugged in would smoke and potentially catch fire. The result would be that most appliances, computers, power strips, TVs, entertainment systems, home security devices, and a whole host of other electronics would become fried.
Solar arrays use inverters to change the DC to AC, which is safe for home usage. The solar process begins with sunshine, which causes a reaction within the solar panel. That reaction produces a DC. However, the newly created DC is not safe to use in the home until it passes through an inverter which turns it from DC to AC. Also known as a central inverter.
Smaller solar arrays may use a standard string inverter. When they do, a string of solar panels forms a circuit where DC energy flows from each panel into a wiring harness that connects them all to a single inverter. The inverter changes the DC energy into AC energy. Most standard string inverters are mounted on the home, garage, or near the power meter if the house connects to the power grid.
Optimized string inverters, sometimes called power optimized string inverters, are two parts. The first part is the power optimizer, which handles DC to DC and optimizes or conditions the solar panel's power. There is one power optimizer per solar panel, and they keep the flow of energy equal. For example, with a standard string inverter, if one solar panel produces less energy, all the solar panels in that string will produce less energy. With the power optimizer, each solar panel produces energy, and when that energy reaches the optimized threshold, the power optimizer sends it to the Inverter.
For this setup, the string inverter only has to convert the DC energy to AC energy. Microinverters convert DC to AC at the panel level. They differ from a power optimizer in that a power optimizer only deals with DC.
The microinverter installation occurs on each panel. Some may be factory installed or physically installed on-site, and there is no central inverter on a solar array with microinverters.
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