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For example, To the Lighthouse would be shortened to Lighthouse. If the title cannot be easily shortened into a noun phrase, the title should be cut after the first clause, phrase, or punctuation:. In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an abbreviated title appears in the parenthetical citation, and the full title of the article appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry on the Works Cited page.
Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the Works Cited page. The Works Cited entry appears as follows:. Accessed 23 Mar.
If the title of the work begins with a quotation mark, such as a title that refers to another work, that quote or quoted title can be used as the shortened title. The single quotation marks must be included in the parenthetical, rather than the double quotation.
Parenthetical citations and Works Cited pages, used in conjunction, allow readers to know which sources you consulted in writing your essay, so that they can either verify your interpretation of the sources or use them in their own scholarly work. Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a classic work, like Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto.
In such cases, give the page number of your edition making sure the edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume vol.
When you cite a work that appears inside a larger source for instance, an article in a periodical or an essay in a collection , cite the author of the internal source i. For example, to cite Albert Einstein's article "A Brief Outline of the Theory of Relativity," which was published in Nature in , you might write something like this:. See also our page on documenting periodicals in the Works Cited. Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken.
For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first initials or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials in your citation. Best, David, and Sharon Marcus. JSTOR, doi Franck, Caroline, et al. If you cite more than one work by an author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others.
Put short titles of books in italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks. Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, and, when appropriate, the page number s :.
If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always include the volume number followed by a colon. Put a space after the colon, then provide the page number s. If you only cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses.
In your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which Bible you're using and underline or italicize the title , as each version varies in its translation, followed by book do not italicize or underline , chapter, and verse.
Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited within another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source.
Sources that take the form of a dialogue involving two or more participants have special guidelines for their quotation and citation. Each line of dialogue should begin with the speaker's name written in all capitals and indented half an inch. A period follows the name e. After the period, write the dialogue. Each successive line after the first should receive an additional indentation. When another person begins speaking, start a new line with that person's name indented only half an inch.
Repeat this pattern each time the speaker changes. You can include stage directions in the quote if they appear in the original source. Conclude with a parenthetical that explains where to find the excerpt in the source. Pleadingly Give me a drink, Rocky. Harry said it was all right. God, I need a drink. In-text citations follow the last name page number format, enclosed in parentheses. Every source you cite within the body of your paper must have a full citation on a Works Cited page at the end of your paper.
Page numbers on a Works Cited page should look like this:. Written by Grace Turney , freelance writer and artist. Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.
Get Started. Certain features require a modern browser to function. Please use a different browser, like Firefox , Chrome , or Safari. The running head will begin on the first page of your essay. You must include the running head on the Works Cited page. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. MLA Style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and citing research in writing.
MLA Style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages. Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material.
Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material produced by other writers. The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries.
It is also widely available in bookstores, libraries, and at the MLA web site. Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA Style :. These sections may include individual chapters or other named parts of a book or essay. MLA recommends that when dividing an essay into sections you number those sections with an Arabic number and a period followed by a space and the section name.
MLA does not have a prescribed system of headings for books for more information on headings, please see page in the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing , 3rd edition.
If you are only using one level of headings, meaning that all of the sections are distinct and parallel and have no additional sections that fit within them, MLA recommends that these sections resemble one another grammatically.
For instance, if your headings are typically short phrases, make all of the headings short phrases and not, for example, full sentences.
Otherwise, the formatting is up to you. It should, however, be consistent throughout the document.
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